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Known human carcinogens
International Agency for Research on Cancer "Carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1)
Agents and groups of agents
* 4-Aminobiphenyl
* Arsenic and arsenic compounds (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
* Asbestos
* Azathioprine
* Benzene
* Benzidine
* Benzo[a]pyrene
* Beryllium and beryllium compounds
* N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine)
* Bis(chloromethyl)ether and chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)
* 1,3-Butadiene
* 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran)
* Cadmium and cadmium compounds
* Chlorambucil
* 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU; Semustine)
* Chromium[VI]
* Ciclosporin
* Cyclophosphamide
* Diethylstilbestrol
* Dyes metabolized to benzidine
* Epstein-Barr virus
* Erionite
* Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
* Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) (Note: There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary)
* Estrogens, nonsteroidal (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
* Estrogens, steroidal (Note: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
* Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
* Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
* Ethylene oxide
* Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
* Formaldehyde
* Gallium arsenide
* [Gamma Radiation: see X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation]
* Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
* Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
* Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
* Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
* Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 66 (Note: The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)
* Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
* Melphalan
* 8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
* Methylenebis(chloroaniline) (MOCA)
* MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
* Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
* 2-Naphthylamine
* Neutrons
* Nickel compounds
* N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
* [Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen: see Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)]
* Oral contraceptives, sequential
* Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
* Plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain plutonium-240 and other isotopes), as aerosols
* Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during childhood)
* Radionuclides, a-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
* Radionuclides, b-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
* Radium-224 and its decay products
* Radium-226 and its decay products
* Radium-228 and its decay products
* Radon-222 and its decay products
* Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
* Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources)
* Solar radiation
* Talc containing asbestiform fibres
* Tamoxifen (Note: There is also conclusive evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
* 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
* Thiotepa
* Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide
* ortho-Toluidine
* Treosulfan
* Vinyl chloride
* X- and Gamma (g)-radiation
Mixtures
* Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
* Alcoholic beverages
* Areca nut
* Betel quid with tobacco
* Betel quid without tobacco
* Coal-tar pitches
* Coal-tars
* Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia
* Household combustion of coal, indoor emissions from
* Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated
* Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
* Salted fish (Chinese-style)
* Shale-oils
* Soots
* Tobacco, smokeless
* Wood dust
Exposure circumstances
* Aluminum production
* Arsenic in drinking-water
* Auramine production
* Boot and shoe manufacture and repair
* Chimney sweeping
* Coal gasification
* Coal-tar distillation
* Coke production
* Furniture and cabinet making
* Hematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
* Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke)
* Iron and steel founding
* Isopropyl alcohol manufacture (strong-acid process)
* Magenta production
* Painter (occupational exposure as a)
* Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch
* Rubber industry
* Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational exposure to)
* Tobacco smoking and tobacco smoke
National Toxicology Program 11th Report on Carcinogens "Known to be human carcinogens"
* Aflatoxins
* Alcoholic beverage consumption
* 4-Aminobiphenyl
* Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin
* Arsenic compounds, inorganic
* Asbestos
* Azathioprine
* Benzene
* Benzidine
* Beryllium and beryllium compounds
* 1,3-Butadiene
* 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate (busulfan, Myleran®)
* Cadmium and cadmium compounds
* Chlorambucil
* 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU)
* bis(chloromethyl) ether and technical-grade chloromethyl methyl ether
* Chromium hexavalent compounds
* Coal tar pitches
* Coal tars
* Coke oven emissions
* Cyclophosphamide
* Cyclosporin A (Ciclosporin)
* Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
* Dyes metabolized to benzidine
* Environmental tobacco smoke
* Erionite
* Estrogens, steroidal
* Ethylene oxide
* Hepatitis B virus
* Hepatitis C virus
* Human papilloma viruses: some genital-mucosal types
* Melphalan
* Methoxsalen with ultraviolet A therapy (PUVA)
* Mineral oils (untreated and mildly treated)
* Mustard gas
* 2-Naphthylamine
* Neutrons
* Nickel compounds
* Oral tobacco products
* Radon
* Silica, crystalline (respirable size)
* Solar radiation
* Soots
* Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid
* Sunlamps or sunbeds, exposure to
* Tamoxifen
* 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); "dioxin"
* Thiotepa
* Thorium dioxide
* Tobacco smoking
* Vinyl chloride
* Ultraviolet radiation, broad spectrum UV radiation
* Wood dust
* X-radiation and gamma radiation